Ovarian cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the ovaries, which are the female reproductive organs responsible for producing eggs and female hormones. Ovarian cancer is relatively rare but is the most deadly gynecologic cancer. It is often not diagnosed until it has reached an advanced stage, making it difficult to treat.
Types of Ovarian Cancer: Ovarian cancer can be classified into several types based on the specific cells from which it originates. The most common type is epithelial ovarian cancer, which develops from the cells that cover the outer surface of the ovary. Other less common types include germ cell tumors (which develop from the cells that produce eggs) and stromal tumors (which develop from the cells that produce hormones).
Risk Factors: Several factors may increase the risk of developing ovarian cancer, including older age, family history of ovarian cancer or certain genetic mutations (such as mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes), personal history of breast, colorectal, or endometrial cancer, inherited genetic syndromes (such as Lynch syndrome or hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer), never having given birth or having difficulty conceiving, early onset of menstruation or late menopause, hormone replacement therapy, and obesity.
Symptoms: Ovarian cancer often does not cause symptoms in its early stages, and symptoms may be nonspecific or vague. Common symptoms may include abdominal bloating or swelling, pelvic or abdominal pain, difficulty eating or feeling full quickly, changes in bowel habits, frequent urination, fatigue, unexplained weight loss, and abnormal vaginal bleeding. However, these symptoms can also be caused by other conditions, so it’s important to see a healthcare provider for evaluation if they persist or worsen.
Diagnosis: Ovarian cancer is typically diagnosed through a combination of methods, including medical history and physical examination, imaging tests (such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI), blood tests (such as CA-125 tumor marker), and biopsy (removal and examination of a sample of ovarian tissue). The biopsy helps confirm the diagnosis and determine the type and stage of the cancer.
Treatment: Treatment for ovarian cancer depends on factors such as the type, stage, and grade of the cancer, as well as the individual’s overall health and preferences. Treatment options may include surgery (such as hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy), chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy (such as PARP inhibitors), and immunotherapy. Treatment may be used alone or in combination, and it may be tailored to each person’s specific situation.
Prognosis: The prognosis for ovarian cancer varies depending on factors such as the type, stage, and grade of the cancer, the individual’s age and overall health, and how well the cancer responds to treatment. Ovarian cancer is often diagnosed at an advanced stage, which can affect survival rates. However, advances in treatment and supportive care have led to improvements in outcomes for some individuals with ovarian cancer.