Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the cells of the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus (womb) that connects to the vagina. Cervical cancer is caused by persistent infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted infection. It is one of the most preventable and treatable types of cancer, especially when detected early through screening tests.
Risk Factors: Several factors may increase the risk of developing cervical cancer, including:
- Infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV), especially high-risk types such as HPV 16 and HPV 18.
- Not receiving the HPV vaccine, which protects against certain high-risk types of HPV.
- Sexual activity at a young age.
- Multiple sexual partners or having a partner who has multiple sexual partners.
- Smoking tobacco.
- Weak immune system (such as HIV infection or immunosuppressive therapy).
- Previous history of cervical dysplasia (precancerous changes in the cells of the cervix) or cervical cancer.
Screening and Diagnosis: Screening tests such as the Pap test (Pap smear) and HPV test are used to detect cervical cancer or precancerous changes in the cells of the cervix. During a Pap test, cells from the cervix are collected and examined under a microscope for abnormalities. An HPV test checks for the presence of high-risk HPV types in cervical cells. If abnormal cells are detected, further diagnostic tests such as colposcopy (examination of the cervix with a special microscope) and biopsy (removal and examination of a sample of cervical tissue) may be performed to confirm the diagnosis.
Symptoms: In its early stages, cervical cancer may not cause symptoms. However, as the cancer progresses, common symptoms may include:
- Abnormal vaginal bleeding, such as bleeding between periods, after intercourse, or after menopause.
- Unusual vaginal discharge that may be watery, bloody, or have a foul odor.
- Pelvic pain or discomfort.
- Pain during sexual intercourse.
Types of Cervical Cancer: The most common type of cervical cancer is squamous cell carcinoma, which develops from the squamous cells lining the cervix. Another type, adenocarcinoma, develops from glandular cells in the cervix.
Treatment: Treatment for cervical cancer depends on factors such as the stage, size, and location of the cancer, as well as the individual’s overall health and preferences. Treatment options may include:
- Surgery: Depending on the stage of the cancer, surgical procedures such as cone biopsy, hysterectomy (removal of the uterus), or pelvic lymph node dissection may be performed.
- Radiation therapy: This treatment uses high-energy beams to destroy cancer cells. It may be used alone or in combination with surgery or chemotherapy.
- Chemotherapy: This treatment involves the use of drugs to kill cancer cells or stop them from growing. It may be used alone or in combination with surgery or radiation therapy.
- Targeted therapy: This treatment targets specific molecules involved in cancer growth and progression. It may be used in advanced or recurrent cervical cancer.
Prevention: Cervical cancer can be prevented through vaccination against HPV, regular cervical cancer screening (Pap test and HPV test), practicing safe sex (using condoms), limiting the number of sexual partners, and avoiding smoking tobacco.